Vaccins contre la COVID-19 : doit-on s'inquiéter du risque de maladie aggravée chez les personnes vaccinées?
Il est de bon ton dans les médias de prétendre que les résultats des vaccinations sont excellents et en particulier qu’elles auraient fait disparaître l’épidémie en Grande-Bretagne avec l’absence de morts (!) et en particulier en Écosse. Pourtant curieusement les données de l’OMS montrent le contraire.
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Des articles généraux sur le développement des vaccins contre la COVID-19
- Hotez PJ & Bottazzi ME. Developing a low-cost and accessible COVID-19 vaccine for global health. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(7), juillet 2020.
- Hotez PJ, Corry DB & Bottazzi ME. COVID-19 vaccine design: the Janus face of immune enhancement. Nature Review Immunology volume 20 June 2020 p.347.
Des articles sur les conditions de la sécurité des vaccins COVID-19
- Haynes BF, Corey L, Fernandes P, et al. Prospects for a safe COVID-19 vaccine. Science Translational Medicine, 19 octobre 2020.
- Lambert PH, Ambrosino DM, Andersen SR, et al. Consensus summary report for CEPI/BC March 12–13, 2020 meeting: Assessment of risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine. 25 mai 2020.
- Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Smaill F, et al. Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies. Nature Review Immunology volume 20 October 2020 p.615.
- Eroshenko N, Gill T, Keaveney MK, et al. Implications of antibody dependent enhancement of infection for SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 789–791 (2020).
- Diamond, MS et Pierson, TC. The challenges of vaccine development against a new virus during a pandemic. Cell Host Microbe 27, 699–703 (2020).
Un article de fond sur la réponse Th1
- Zhang Y, Zhang Y, GU W et Sun B. Th1/Th2 cell's function in immune system. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014;841:45-65.
Un article de fond sur la réponse Th2
- Boniface S, Magnan A et Vervloet D. Th2. La Lettre du Pneumologue - Volume IV - no1 - janv.-févr. 2001.
Un article de fond sur la réponse Th17
- Cambier L, Defaweux V, Baldo A, et al. Rôle des cellules Th17 dans les maladies infectieuses et auto-immunes. Ann. Méd. Vét., 2010, 154, 104-112.
Un article sur le rôle positif de l'ADE
- Chan KR, Wang X, Saron WWA, et al. Cross-reactive antibodies enhance live attenuated virus infection for increased immunogenicity, Nat. Microbiol. 2016; 1(12): 16164.
Un article sur l'IAED dans l'infection par le virus Zika
- Bardina SV, Bunduc P, Tripathi S, et al. Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity. Science; 356(6334): 175–180 14 avril 2017.
Un article sur l'IAED dans la fièvre Ebola
- Kuzmina NA, Younan P, Gilchuk P, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection by human antibodies isolated from survivors. Cell Rep. 2018 Aug 14; 24(7): 1802-1815.
Les articles sur l'IAED médiée par le complément dans le VIH et Zika
- Fust G, Toth FD, KissJ, et al. Neutralizing and enhancing antibodies measured in complement-restored serum samples from HIV-1 infected individuals correlate with immunosuppression and disease, AIDS 8 (5) (1994) 603–609.
- Cardosa MJ, Porterfield JS & Gordon S. Complement receptor mediates enhanced flavivirus replication in macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 158 (1) (1983).
Sur les réinfections expérimentales avec 229E
- Callow KA, Parry HF, Sergeant M, Tyrrell DA. The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol Infect. 1990 Oct;105(2):435-446.
Les articles historiques sur la VAED dans la bronchiolite infectieuse et la rougeole
- Rauh LW & Schmidt R. Measles immunization with killed virus vaccine: Serum antibody titers and experience with exposure to measles epidemic. Am. J. Dis. Child. 109, 232–237 (1965).
- Kim HW, Canchola JG, Brandt CD, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89, 422–434 (1969).
Des articles sur l'IAED et la VAED dans la dengue
- Katzelnick LC, Gresh L, Halloran ME, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans. Science 358, 929–932 (2017)
- Thomas SJ et Yoon IK. A review of Dengvaxia: Development to deployment. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 15, 2295–2314 (2019).
- Fowler AM, Tang WW, Young MP, et al. Maternally Acquired Zika Antibodies Enhance Dengue Disease Severity in Mice. Cell Host Microbe. 2018 Nov 14;24(5):743-750.
L'étude sur la VAED dans la PIF
- Vennema H, De Groot RJ, Harbour DA, et al. Early Death after Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Challenge due to Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Immunization. J. Virol. Mars 1990, p. 1407-1409
Deux articles comparant la dengue et la PIF
- Cloutier M, Nandia M, Ihsana AU, et al. ADE and hyperinflammation in SARS-CoV2 infection- comparison with dengue hemorrhagic fever and feline infectious peritonitis. Cytokine. 2020 Dec; 136: 155256.
- Weiss RC et Scott FS. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comp. lmmun. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Vol. 4. No. 2, pp. 175-189, 1981.
Des articles sur l'IAED et la VAED dans le SRAS
- Clay C, Donart N, Fomukong N, et al. Primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection limits replication but not lung inflammation upon homologous rechallenge. J. Virol. 86, 4234–4244 (2012).
- Liu L, Wei Q, Lin Q, et al. Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 4, e123158 (2019)
- Weingartl H, Czub M, Czub S., et al. Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. J. Virol. 78, 12672–12676 (2004).
- Kam YW, Kien F, Roberts A, et al. Antibodies against trimeric S glycoprotein protect hamsters against SARS- CoV challenge despite their capacity to mediate FcgammaRII dependent entry into B cells in vitro. Vaccine 25, 729–740 (2007).
- Wang Q, Zhang L, Kuwahara K, et al. Immunodominant SARS Coronavirus Epitopes in Humans Elicited both Enhancing and Neutralizing Effects on Infection in Non-human Primates. ACS Infect Dis 2016;2(5):361–76.
- Wang Q, Zhang L, Kuwahara K, et al. Immunodominant SARS coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates, ACS Infect. Dis. 6 (5) (2020):1284–1285.
- Liu L, Wei Q, Lin Q, et al. Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 4, e123158 (2019).
- Tseng CT, Sbrana E, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, et al. Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus. PLoS One. 2012; 7(4): e35421.
- Deming D, Sheahan T, Heise M, et al. Vaccine Efficacy in Senescent Mice Challenged with Recombinant SARS-CoV Bearing Epidemic and Zoonotic Spike Variants. PLoS Med. 2006 Dec; 3(12): e525.
- Wang SF, Tseng SP, Yen CH,et al. Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Aug 22; 451(2): 208–214.
Des articles sur l'IAED et la VAED dans le MERS
- Houser KV, Broadbent AJ, Gretebeck L, et al. Enhanced inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits when MERS-CoV reinfection occurs in the absence of neutralizing antibody. PLOS Pathog. 13, e1006565 (2017).
- Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A., et al. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 12, 2351–2356 (2016).
Les études évoquant une ADE in vitro dans la COVID-19
- Wu F, Yan R, Liu M, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection in recovered COVID-19 patients: studies based on cellular and structural biology analysis. medRxiv, 13 octobre 2020.
- Wan Y, Shang J, Sun S, et al. Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry. J. Virol. Volume 94 Issue 5 March 2020.
Le cas de réinfection plus sévère dans la COVID-19
- Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. The Lancet Infect Dis, 12 octobre 2020.
Sur la plus faible réaction aux vaccins dans certaines populations
- Doherty M, Schmidt-Ott R, Santos JI, et al. Vaccination of special populations: Protecting the vulnerable. Vaccine 2016 Dec 20;34(52):6681-6690.
Les recommandations de la FDA sur le développement d'un vaccin contre la COVID-19
Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19 - Guidance for Industry, Octobre 2020.
Sources : VIDAL